By the method of hierarchical mining,the bamboo rhizome system structure of Phyllostachys nigra var.henonis was researched in Yanling County.The results showed that the number of rhizomes was 80.7 per square meter,the length of rhizomes was 2 271.2 cm/m2 ,the weight of rhizomes was 4 502.0 g/m2 ,the diameter of rhizomes was 1.27 cm.The number,length,weight of rhizomes in 0 ~10 cm soil layer were 77.3%、73.5% and 73.0% of the total rhizome system respectively.The number of buds in quadrat was 1 028.7 per square meter,the weak buds,strong buds,shoot buds, empty buds,branch whips were14.7%、25.9%、1.5%、53.6% and 4.3% of the total buds respectively.The number of strong buds in rhizome of 2 ~3 a were 210.3 per square meter,79.1 % of total number of strong buds.The number of non -bifurcation rhizomes was 59.1 % of the total rhizomes and the number of single side single rhizomes was 28.5% of the total rhizomes.